The Absence of Northern Nigeria\u27s Social Development and the Rise of Boko Haram

A wave of euphoria swept across Nigeria when Muhamadu Bihari was declared victory of the 2015 presidential election. Although Mr. Buhari remains a controversial figure today, originally gaining his power in December 1983 via military coup, in April 2015 the citizens of Nigeria enthusiastically elected him to retake the reins as the country\u27s next president. Mr. Buhari faces a seemingly insurmountable number of challenges, as he will attempt to steer Africa\u27s wealthiest country away from disaster. Mr. Buhari will inherit an economy that is extremely dependent on oil revenue and a market system that has enabled only a small minority of Nigerians to become extremely wealthy but left a majority of Nigerians, most notably in the northern part of the country, impecunious. This extreme economic imbalance is the main culprit to blame for terrorist organization Boko Haram\u27s inevitable rise to power and its ultimate prevalence throughout northern Nigeria

Unraveling the population history of the Xiongnu to explain molecular and archaeological models of prehistoric Mongolia

This dissertation explores the prehistory of Mongolia during a time when nomadic tribes created the world\u27s first steppe empire in Inner Asia. These aggregated tribes, known to Chinese historians as Xiongnu, ruled from the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE. They came to define steppe polity construction later used by the Mongol Empire under the reign of Chinggis Khan. These nomads moved extensively over the eastern steppe and interacted, both in trade and intermarriage, with peoples from southern Siberia to Xinjiang. However, the Xiongnu as a people are relatively unknown to scholars since they did not possess a written language of their own. Although analysis on ancient skeletal remains of the Xiongnu have opened new avenues of research into their origins, scholars still do not have a comprehensive understanding of these ancient nomads. This study makes an attempt to elucidate questions of the Xiongnu\u27s history and biological structure by examining craniofacial diversity using a methodology known as geometric morphometrics. Using a suite of multivariate statistical analyses to explain group relationships within and among the Xiongnu to groups in the region, this study explains the origins of the Xiongnu in a biological context and makes inferences about genetic exchanges. A quantitative genetic model is used to test group relationships and infer levels of gene flow between groups. Results indicate the Xiongnu were composed of at least two biologically distinct groups. One sample from an elite cemetery in northern Mongolia shares their ancestry with a Bronze Age population from Mongolia, and possibly, to a later migration of Turks, who came to dominate the eastern steppe between the 6th and 8th centuries CE. The Xiongnu also evidence biological similarity with nomads who composed the Mongol Empire, modern-day Mongolians, and some Siberian groups. These results are similar to genetic studies suggesting a mix of Eastern and Western Eurasian haplogroups while also achieving consensus with models of steppe polity formation proposed by archaeologists, who suggest local ties to extra-local groups through interactive exchange networks. Overall, the Xiongnu nomads are very much a part of Mongolia\u27s past with links to its modern peoples

Multiplicity one for LL-functions and applications

We give conditions for when two Euler products are the same given that they satisfy a functional equation and their coefficients satisfy a partial Ramanujan bound and do not differ by too much. Additionally, we prove a number of multiplicity one type results for the number-theoretic objects attached to $L$-functions. These results follow from our main result about $L$-functions